3D Secure handling

backend/migrations/20260107000001-add-requires-action-payment-status.js

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"use strict";
+
+module.exports = {
+  up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+    // Add 'requires_action' to the paymentStatus enum
+    // This status is used when 3DS authentication is required for a payment
+    await queryInterface.sequelize.query(`
+      ALTER TYPE "enum_Rentals_paymentStatus" ADD VALUE IF NOT EXISTS 'requires_action';
+    `);
+  },
+
+  down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+    // Note: PostgreSQL does not support removing values from ENUMs directly.
+    // The 'requires_action' value will remain in the enum but can be unused.
+    // To fully remove it would require recreating the enum and column,
+    // which is complex and risky for production data.
+    console.log(
+      "Note: PostgreSQL does not support removing ENUM values. " +
+        "'requires_action' will remain in the enum but will not be used."
+    );
+  },
+};

backend/migrations/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# Database Migrations
+
+This project uses Sequelize CLI for database migrations. Migrations provide version control for your database schema.
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+```bash
+# Run pending migrations
+npm run db:migrate
+
+# Undo last migration
+npm run db:migrate:undo
+
+# Undo all migrations
+npm run db:migrate:undo:all
+
+# Check migration status
+npm run db:migrate:status
+
+# Test all migrations (up, down, up)
+npm run test:migrations
+```
+
+## Available Commands
+
+### `npm run db:migrate`
+
+**Purpose:** Runs all pending migrations that haven't been applied yet.
+
+- Checks the `SequelizeMeta` table to see which migrations have already run
+- Executes the `up` function in each pending migration file in order
+- Records each successful migration in the `SequelizeMeta` table
+- **When to use:** Deploy new schema changes to your database
+
+### `npm run db:migrate:undo`
+
+**Purpose:** Rolls back the most recent migration.
+
+- Executes the `down` function of the last applied migration
+- Removes that migration's entry from `SequelizeMeta`
+- **When to use:** Quickly revert the last change if something went wrong
+
+### `npm run db:migrate:undo:all`
+
+**Purpose:** Rolls back ALL migrations, returning to an empty database.
+
+- Executes the `down` function of every migration in reverse order
+- Clears the `SequelizeMeta` table
+- **When to use:** Reset development database to start fresh, or in testing
+
+### `npm run db:migrate:status`
+
+**Purpose:** Shows the status of all migrations.
+
+- Lists which migrations have been executed (with timestamps)
+- Shows which migrations are pending
+- **When to use:** Check what's been applied before deploying or debugging
+
+### `npm run db:create`
+
+**Purpose:** Creates the database specified in your config.
+
+- Reads `DB_NAME` from environment variables
+- Creates a new PostgreSQL database with that name
+- **When to use:** Initial setup on a new environment
+
+### `npm run test:migrations`
+
+**Purpose:** Automated testing of migrations (to be implemented in Phase 4).
+
+- Will create a fresh test database
+- Run all migrations up, then down, then up again
+- Verify migrations are reversible and idempotent
+- **When to use:** In CI/CD pipeline before merging migration changes
+
+## Environment Configuration
+
+All commands use the environment specified by `NODE_ENV` (dev, test, qa, prod) and load the corresponding `.env` file automatically.
+
+Examples:
+
+```bash
+# Run migrations in development
+NODE_ENV=dev npm run db:migrate
+
+# Check status in QA environment
+NODE_ENV=qa npm run db:migrate:status
+
+# Run migrations in production
+NODE_ENV=prod npm run db:migrate
+```
+
+## Creating a New Migration
+
+```bash
+# Generate a new migration file
+npx sequelize-cli migration:generate --name description-of-change
+```
+
+This creates a timestamped file in `backend/migrations/`:
+
+```
+20241125123456-description-of-change.js
+```
+
+### Migration File Structure
+
+```javascript
+module.exports = {
+  up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+    // Schema changes to apply
+  },
+  down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+    // How to revert the changes
+  },
+};
+```
+
+## Naming Conventions
+
+Use descriptive names that indicate the action:
+
+- `create-users` - Creating a new table
+- `add-email-to-users` - Adding a column
+- `remove-legacy-field-from-items` - Removing a column
+- `add-index-on-users-email` - Adding an index
+- `change-status-enum-in-rentals` - Modifying a column
+
+## Zero-Downtime Patterns
+
+### Adding a Column (Safe)
+
+```javascript
+up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+  await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "newField", {
+    type: Sequelize.STRING,
+    allowNull: true, // Must be nullable or have default
+  });
+};
+```
+
+### Adding a NOT NULL Column
+
+```javascript
+// Step 1: Add as nullable
+up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+  await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "newField", {
+    type: Sequelize.STRING,
+    allowNull: true,
+  });
+};
+
+// Step 2: Backfill data (separate migration)
+up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+  await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
+    `UPDATE users SET "newField" = 'default_value' WHERE "newField" IS NULL`
+  );
+};
+
+// Step 3: Add NOT NULL constraint (separate migration, after code deployed)
+up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+  await queryInterface.changeColumn("users", "newField", {
+    type: Sequelize.STRING,
+    allowNull: false,
+  });
+};
+```
+
+### Removing a Column (3-Step Process)
+
+1. **Deploy 1**: Update code to stop reading/writing the column
+2. **Deploy 2**: Run migration to remove column
+3. **Deploy 3**: Remove column references from model (cleanup)
+
+```javascript
+// Migration in Deploy 2
+up: async (queryInterface) => {
+  await queryInterface.removeColumn('users', 'oldField');
+},
+down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+  await queryInterface.addColumn('users', 'oldField', {
+    type: Sequelize.STRING,
+    allowNull: true
+  });
+}
+```
+
+### Renaming a Column (3-Step Process)
+
+```javascript
+// Deploy 1: Add new column, copy data
+up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
+  await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "newName", {
+    type: Sequelize.STRING,
+  });
+  await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
+    'UPDATE users SET "newName" = "oldName"'
+  );
+};
+
+// Deploy 2: Update code to use newName, keep oldName as fallback
+// (no migration)
+
+// Deploy 3: Remove old column
+up: async (queryInterface) => {
+  await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "oldName");
+};
+```
+
+### Creating Indexes (Use CONCURRENTLY)
+
+```javascript
+up: async (queryInterface) => {
+  await queryInterface.addIndex("users", ["email"], {
+    unique: true,
+    concurrently: true, // Prevents table locking
+    name: "users_email_unique",
+  });
+};
+```
+
+## Testing Checklist
+
+Before committing a migration:
+
+- [ ] Migration has both `up` and `down` functions
+- [ ] Tested locally: `npm run db:migrate`
+- [ ] Tested rollback: `npm run db:migrate:undo`
+- [ ] Tested re-apply: `npm run db:migrate`
+- [ ] Full test: `npm run test:migrations`
+- [ ] Application starts and works correctly
+- [ ] No data loss in `down` migration (where possible)
+
+## Deployment Checklist
+
+Before deploying to production:
+
+- [ ] Backup production database
+- [ ] Test migration on copy of production data
+- [ ] Review migration for safety (no destructive operations)
+- [ ] Schedule during low-traffic window
+- [ ] Have rollback plan ready
+- [ ] Monitor logs after deployment
+
+## Rollback Procedures
+
+### Undo Last Migration
+
+```bash
+npm run db:migrate:undo
+```
+
+### Undo Multiple Migrations
+
+```bash
+# Undo last 3 migrations
+npx sequelize-cli db:migrate:undo --step 3
+```
+
+### Undo to Specific Migration
+
+```bash
+npx sequelize-cli db:migrate:undo:all --to 20241124000005-create-rentals.js
+```
+
+## Common Issues
+
+### "Migration file not found"
+
+Ensure the migration filename in `SequelizeMeta` matches the file on disk.
+
+### "Column already exists"
+
+The migration may have partially run. Check the schema and either:
+
+- Manually fix the schema
+- Mark migration as complete: `INSERT INTO "SequelizeMeta" VALUES ('filename.js')`
+
+### "Cannot drop column - dependent objects"
+
+Drop dependent indexes/constraints first:
+
+```javascript
+await queryInterface.removeIndex("users", "index_name");
+await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "column_name");
+```
+
+### Foreign Key Constraint Failures
+
+Ensure data integrity before adding constraints:
+
+```javascript
+// Clean orphaned records first
+await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
+  'DELETE FROM rentals WHERE "itemId" NOT IN (SELECT id FROM items)'
+);
+// Then add constraint
+await queryInterface.addConstraint("rentals", {
+  fields: ["itemId"],
+  type: "foreign key",
+  references: { table: "items", field: "id" },
+});
+```

backend/models/Rental.js

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ const Rental = sequelize.define("Rental", {
     allowNull: false,
   },
   paymentStatus: {
-    type: DataTypes.ENUM("pending", "paid", "refunded", "not_required"),
+    type: DataTypes.ENUM("pending", "paid", "refunded", "not_required", "requires_action"),
     allowNull: false,
   },
   payoutStatus: {

backend/routes/rentals.js

@@ -493,6 +493,51 @@ router.put("/:id/status", authenticateToken, async (req, res) => {
             }
           );
 
+          // Check if 3DS authentication is required
+          if (paymentResult.requiresAction) {
+            // Store payment intent for later completion
+            await rental.update({
+              stripePaymentIntentId: paymentResult.paymentIntentId,
+              paymentStatus: "requires_action",
+            });
+
+            // Send email to renter (without direct link for security)
+            try {
+              await emailServices.rentalFlow.sendAuthenticationRequiredEmail(
+                rental.renter.email,
+                {
+                  renterName: rental.renter.firstName,
+                  itemName: rental.item.name,
+                  ownerName: rental.owner.firstName,
+                  amount: rental.totalAmount,
+                }
+              );
+              const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+              reqLogger.info("Authentication required email sent to renter", {
+                rentalId: rental.id,
+                renterId: rental.renterId,
+              });
+            } catch (emailError) {
+              const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+              reqLogger.error(
+                "Failed to send authentication required email",
+                {
+                  error: emailError.message,
+                  stack: emailError.stack,
+                  rentalId: rental.id,
+                  renterId: rental.renterId,
+                }
+              );
+            }
+
+            return res.status(402).json({
+              error: "authentication_required",
+              requiresAction: true,
+              message: "The renter's card requires additional authentication.",
+              rentalId: rental.id,
+            });
+          }
+
           // Update rental with payment completion
           await rental.update({
             status: "confirmed",
@@ -1652,4 +1697,223 @@ router.put("/:id/payment-method", authenticateToken, async (req, res, next) => {
   }
 });
 
+/**
+ * GET /rentals/:id/payment-client-secret
+ * Returns client secret for 3DS completion (renter only)
+ */
+router.get(
+  "/:id/payment-client-secret",
+  authenticateToken,
+  async (req, res, next) => {
+    try {
+      const rental = await Rental.findByPk(req.params.id, {
+        include: [
+          { model: User, as: "renter", attributes: ["id", "stripeCustomerId"] },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      if (!rental) {
+        return res.status(404).json({ error: "Rental not found" });
+      }
+
+      if (rental.renterId !== req.user.id) {
+        return res.status(403).json({ error: "Not authorized" });
+      }
+
+      if (!rental.stripePaymentIntentId) {
+        return res.status(400).json({ error: "No payment intent found" });
+      }
+
+      const stripe = require("stripe")(process.env.STRIPE_SECRET_KEY);
+      const paymentIntent = await stripe.paymentIntents.retrieve(
+        rental.stripePaymentIntentId
+      );
+
+      return res.json({
+        clientSecret: paymentIntent.client_secret,
+        status: paymentIntent.status,
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+      reqLogger.error("Get client secret error", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+        rentalId: req.params.id,
+        userId: req.user.id,
+      });
+      next(error);
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+/**
+ * POST /rentals/:id/complete-payment
+ * Called after renter completes 3DS authentication
+ */
+router.post(
+  "/:id/complete-payment",
+  authenticateToken,
+  async (req, res, next) => {
+    try {
+      const rental = await Rental.findByPk(req.params.id, {
+        include: [
+          { model: User, as: "renter", attributes: ["id", "firstName", "lastName", "email", "stripeCustomerId"] },
+          { model: User, as: "owner", attributes: ["id", "firstName", "lastName", "email", "stripeConnectedAccountId", "stripePayoutsEnabled"] },
+          { model: Item, as: "item" },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      if (!rental) {
+        return res.status(404).json({ error: "Rental not found" });
+      }
+
+      if (rental.renterId !== req.user.id) {
+        return res.status(403).json({ error: "Not authorized" });
+      }
+
+      if (rental.paymentStatus !== "requires_action") {
+        return res.status(400).json({
+          error: "Invalid state",
+          message: "This rental is not awaiting payment authentication",
+        });
+      }
+
+      // Retrieve payment intent to check status (expand latest_charge for payment method details)
+      const stripe = require("stripe")(process.env.STRIPE_SECRET_KEY);
+      const paymentIntent = await stripe.paymentIntents.retrieve(
+        rental.stripePaymentIntentId,
+        { expand: ['latest_charge.payment_method_details'] }
+      );
+
+      if (paymentIntent.status !== "succeeded") {
+        return res.status(402).json({
+          error: "payment_incomplete",
+          status: paymentIntent.status,
+          message:
+            paymentIntent.status === "requires_action"
+              ? "Authentication not yet completed"
+              : "Payment could not be completed",
+        });
+      }
+
+      // Extract payment method details from latest_charge (charges is deprecated)
+      const charge = paymentIntent.latest_charge;
+      const paymentMethodDetails = charge?.payment_method_details;
+
+      let paymentMethodBrand = null;
+      let paymentMethodLast4 = null;
+      if (paymentMethodDetails) {
+        const type = paymentMethodDetails.type;
+        if (type === "card") {
+          paymentMethodBrand = paymentMethodDetails.card?.brand || "card";
+          paymentMethodLast4 = paymentMethodDetails.card?.last4 || null;
+        } else if (type === "us_bank_account") {
+          paymentMethodBrand = "bank_account";
+          paymentMethodLast4 = paymentMethodDetails.us_bank_account?.last4 || null;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Payment succeeded - complete rental confirmation
+      await rental.update({
+        status: "confirmed",
+        paymentStatus: "paid",
+        chargedAt: new Date(),
+        paymentMethodBrand,
+        paymentMethodLast4,
+      });
+
+      // Send confirmation emails
+      try {
+        await emailServices.rentalFlow.sendRentalApprovalConfirmationEmail(
+          rental.owner,
+          rental.renter,
+          rental
+        );
+        const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+        reqLogger.info("Rental approval confirmation sent to owner (after 3DS)", {
+          rentalId: rental.id,
+          ownerId: rental.ownerId,
+        });
+      } catch (emailError) {
+        const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+        reqLogger.error(
+          "Failed to send rental approval confirmation email after 3DS",
+          {
+            error: emailError.message,
+            rentalId: rental.id,
+          }
+        );
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const renterNotification = {
+          type: "rental_confirmed",
+          title: "Rental Confirmed",
+          message: `Your rental of "${rental.item.name}" has been confirmed.`,
+          rentalId: rental.id,
+          userId: rental.renterId,
+          metadata: { rentalStart: rental.startDateTime },
+        };
+        await emailServices.rentalFlow.sendRentalConfirmation(
+          rental.renter.email,
+          renterNotification,
+          rental,
+          rental.renter.firstName,
+          true
+        );
+        const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+        reqLogger.info("Rental confirmation sent to renter (after 3DS)", {
+          rentalId: rental.id,
+          renterId: rental.renterId,
+        });
+      } catch (emailError) {
+        const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+        reqLogger.error(
+          "Failed to send rental confirmation email after 3DS",
+          {
+            error: emailError.message,
+            rentalId: rental.id,
+          }
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Trigger payout if owner has payouts enabled
+      if (rental.owner.stripePayoutsEnabled && rental.owner.stripeConnectedAccountId) {
+        try {
+          await PayoutService.processRentalPayout(rental);
+          const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+          reqLogger.info("Payout processed after 3DS completion", {
+            rentalId: rental.id,
+            ownerId: rental.ownerId,
+          });
+        } catch (payoutError) {
+          const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+          reqLogger.error("Payout failed after 3DS completion", {
+            error: payoutError.message,
+            rentalId: rental.id,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+
+      return res.json({
+        success: true,
+        rental: {
+          id: rental.id,
+          status: "confirmed",
+          paymentStatus: "paid",
+        },
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      const reqLogger = logger.withRequestId(req.id);
+      reqLogger.error("Complete payment error", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+        rentalId: req.params.id,
+        userId: req.user.id,
+      });
+      next(error);
+    }
+  }
+);
+
 module.exports = router;

backend/services/email/domain/RentalFlowEmailService.js

@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
 
       const variables = {
         ownerName: owner.firstName,
-        renterName: `${renter.firstName} ${renter.lastName}`.trim() || "A renter",
+        renterName:
+          `${renter.firstName} ${renter.lastName}`.trim() || "A renter",
         itemName: rental.item?.name || "your item",
         startDate: rental.startDateTime
           ? new Date(rental.startDateTime).toLocaleString("en-US", {
@@ -227,15 +228,15 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
             <table class="info-table">
                 <tr>
                     <th>Total Rental Amount</th>
-                    <td>\\$${totalAmount.toFixed(2)}</td>
+                    <td>$${totalAmount.toFixed(2)}</td>
                 </tr>
                 <tr>
                     <th>Community Upkeep Fee (10%)</th>
-                    <td>-\\$${platformFee.toFixed(2)}</td>
+                    <td>-$${platformFee.toFixed(2)}</td>
                 </tr>
                 <tr>
                     <th>Your Payout</th>
-                    <td class="highlight">\\$${payoutAmount.toFixed(2)}</td>
+                    <td class="highlight">$${payoutAmount.toFixed(2)}</td>
                 </tr>
             </table>
       `;
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
         stripeSection = `
             <div class="warning-box">
                 <p><strong>⚠️ Action Required: Set Up Your Earnings Account</strong></p>
-                <p>To receive your payout of <strong>\\$${payoutAmount.toFixed(
+                <p>To receive your payout of <strong>$${payoutAmount.toFixed(
                   2
                 )}</strong> when this rental completes, you need to set up your earnings account.</p>
             </div>
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
         stripeSection = `
             <div class="success-box">
                 <p><strong>✓ Earnings Account Active</strong></p>
-                <p>Your earnings account is set up. You'll automatically receive \\$${payoutAmount.toFixed(
+                <p>Your earnings account is set up. You'll automatically receive $${payoutAmount.toFixed(
                   2
                 )} when this rental completes.</p>
                 <p><a href="${frontendUrl}/earnings" style="color: #155724; text-decoration: underline;">View your earnings dashboard →</a></p>
@@ -323,7 +324,10 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
         htmlContent
       );
     } catch (error) {
-      console.error("Failed to send rental approval confirmation email:", error);
+      console.error(
+        "Failed to send rental approval confirmation email:",
+        error
+      );
       return { success: false, error: error.message };
     }
   }
@@ -1002,7 +1006,7 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
           error: emailError.message,
           stack: emailError.stack,
           renterEmail: renter.email,
-          rentalId: rental.id
+          rentalId: rental.id,
         });
       }
 
@@ -1021,15 +1025,15 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
             <table class="info-table">
                 <tr>
                     <th>Total Rental Amount</th>
-                    <td>\\$${totalAmount.toFixed(2)}</td>
+                    <td>$${totalAmount.toFixed(2)}</td>
                 </tr>
                 <tr>
                     <th>Community Upkeep Fee (10%)</th>
-                    <td>-\\$${platformFee.toFixed(2)}</td>
+                    <td>-$${platformFee.toFixed(2)}</td>
                 </tr>
                 <tr>
                     <th>Your Payout</th>
-                    <td class="highlight">\\$${payoutAmount.toFixed(2)}</td>
+                    <td class="highlight">$${payoutAmount.toFixed(2)}</td>
                 </tr>
             </table>
             <p style="font-size: 14px; color: #6c757d;">
@@ -1045,7 +1049,7 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
         stripeSection = `
             <div class="warning-box">
                 <p><strong>⚠️ Action Required: Set Up Your Earnings Account</strong></p>
-                <p>To receive your payout of <strong>\\$${payoutAmount.toFixed(
+                <p>To receive your payout of <strong>$${payoutAmount.toFixed(
                   2
                 )}</strong>, you need to set up your earnings account.</p>
             </div>
@@ -1071,7 +1075,7 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
         stripeSection = `
             <div class="success-box">
                 <p><strong>✓ Payout Initiated</strong></p>
-                <p>Your earnings of <strong>\\$${payoutAmount.toFixed(
+                <p>Your earnings of <strong>$${payoutAmount.toFixed(
                   2
                 )}</strong> have been transferred to your Stripe account.</p>
                 <p style="font-size: 14px; margin-top: 10px;">Funds typically reach your bank within 2-7 business days.</p>
@@ -1122,14 +1126,14 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
           error: emailError.message,
           stack: emailError.stack,
           ownerEmail: owner.email,
-          rentalId: rental.id
+          rentalId: rental.id,
         });
       }
     } catch (error) {
       logger.error("Error sending rental completion emails", {
         error: error.message,
         stack: error.stack,
-        rentalId: rental?.id
+        rentalId: rental?.id,
       });
     }
 
@@ -1205,6 +1209,50 @@ class RentalFlowEmailService {
       return { success: false, error: error.message };
     }
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Send authentication required email to renter when 3DS verification is needed
+   * This is sent when the owner approves a rental but the renter's bank requires
+   * additional verification (3D Secure) to complete the payment.
+   *
+   * @param {string} email - Renter's email address
+   * @param {Object} data - Email data
+   * @param {string} data.renterName - Renter's first name
+   * @param {string} data.itemName - Name of the item being rented
+   * @param {string} data.ownerName - Owner's first name
+   * @param {number} data.amount - Total rental amount
+   * @returns {Promise<{success: boolean, messageId?: string, error?: string}>}
+   */
+  async sendAuthenticationRequiredEmail(email, data) {
+    if (!this.initialized) {
+      await this.initialize();
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const { renterName, itemName, ownerName, amount } = data;
+
+      const variables = {
+        renterName: renterName || "there",
+        itemName: itemName || "the item",
+        ownerName: ownerName || "The owner",
+        amount: typeof amount === "number" ? amount.toFixed(2) : "0.00",
+      };
+
+      const htmlContent = await this.templateManager.renderTemplate(
+        "authenticationRequiredToRenter",
+        variables
+      );
+
+      return await this.emailClient.sendEmail(
+        email,
+        `Action Required: Complete payment for ${itemName}`,
+        htmlContent
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error("Failed to send authentication required email:", error);
+      return { success: false, error: error.message };
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 module.exports = RentalFlowEmailService;

backend/services/stripeService.js

@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@ const logger = require("../utils/logger");
 const { parseStripeError, PaymentError } = require("../utils/stripeErrors");
 
 class StripeService {
-
   static async getCheckoutSession(sessionId) {
     try {
       return await stripe.checkout.sessions.retrieve(sessionId, {
-        expand: ['setup_intent', 'setup_intent.payment_method']
+        expand: ["setup_intent", "setup_intent.payment_method"],
       });
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error retrieving checkout session", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error retrieving checkout session", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -28,7 +30,10 @@ class StripeService {
 
       return account;
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error creating connected account", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error creating connected account", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -44,7 +49,10 @@ class StripeService {
 
       return accountLink;
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error creating account link", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error creating account link", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -60,7 +68,10 @@ class StripeService {
         requirements: account.requirements,
       };
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error retrieving account status", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error retrieving account status", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -76,7 +87,10 @@ class StripeService {
 
       return accountSession;
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error creating account session", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error creating account session", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -97,7 +111,10 @@ class StripeService {
 
       return transfer;
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error creating transfer", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error creating transfer", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -118,7 +135,10 @@ class StripeService {
 
       return refund;
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error creating refund", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error creating refund", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -127,12 +147,20 @@ class StripeService {
     try {
       return await stripe.refunds.retrieve(refundId);
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error retrieving refund", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error retrieving refund", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
 
-  static async chargePaymentMethod(paymentMethodId, amount, customerId, metadata = {}) {
+  static async chargePaymentMethod(
+    paymentMethodId,
+    amount,
+    customerId,
+    metadata = {}
+  ) {
     try {
       // Create a payment intent with the stored payment method
       const paymentIntent = await stripe.paymentIntents.create({
@@ -142,49 +170,71 @@ class StripeService {
         customer: customerId, // Include customer ID
         confirm: true, // Automatically confirm the payment
         off_session: true, // Indicate this is an off-session payment
-        return_url: `${process.env.FRONTEND_URL || 'http://localhost:3000'}/payment-complete`,
+        return_url: `${
+          process.env.FRONTEND_URL || "http://localhost:3000"
+        }/complete-payment`,
         metadata,
-        expand: ['charges.data.payment_method_details'], // Expand to get payment method details
+        expand: ["latest_charge.payment_method_details"], // Expand to get payment method details
       });
 
-      // Extract payment method details from charges
-      const charge = paymentIntent.charges?.data?.[0];
+      // Check if additional authentication is required
+      if (paymentIntent.status === "requires_action") {
+        return {
+          status: "requires_action",
+          requiresAction: true,
+          paymentIntentId: paymentIntent.id,
+          clientSecret: paymentIntent.client_secret,
+        };
+      }
+
+      // Extract payment method details from latest_charge
+      const charge = paymentIntent.latest_charge;
       const paymentMethodDetails = charge?.payment_method_details;
 
       // Build payment method info object
       let paymentMethod = null;
       if (paymentMethodDetails) {
         const type = paymentMethodDetails.type;
-        if (type === 'card') {
+        if (type === "card") {
           paymentMethod = {
-            type: 'card',
-            brand: paymentMethodDetails.card?.brand || 'card',
-            last4: paymentMethodDetails.card?.last4 || '****',
+            type: "card",
+            brand: paymentMethodDetails.card?.brand || "card",
+            last4: paymentMethodDetails.card?.last4 || "****",
           };
-        } else if (type === 'us_bank_account') {
+        } else if (type === "us_bank_account") {
           paymentMethod = {
-            type: 'bank',
-            brand: 'bank_account',
-            last4: paymentMethodDetails.us_bank_account?.last4 || '****',
+            type: "bank",
+            brand: "bank_account",
+            last4: paymentMethodDetails.us_bank_account?.last4 || "****",
           };
         } else {
           paymentMethod = {
-            type: type || 'unknown',
-            brand: type || 'payment',
+            type: type || "unknown",
+            brand: type || "payment",
             last4: null,
           };
         }
       }
 
       return {
+        status: "succeeded",
         paymentIntentId: paymentIntent.id,
-        status: paymentIntent.status,
         clientSecret: paymentIntent.client_secret,
         paymentMethod: paymentMethod,
         chargedAt: new Date(paymentIntent.created * 1000), // Convert Unix timestamp to Date
         amountCharged: amount, // Original amount in dollars
       };
     } catch (error) {
+      // Handle authentication_required error (thrown for off-session 3DS)
+      if (error.code === "authentication_required") {
+        return {
+          status: "requires_action",
+          requiresAction: true,
+          paymentIntentId: error.payment_intent?.id,
+          clientSecret: error.payment_intent?.client_secret,
+        };
+      }
+
       // Parse Stripe error into structured format
       const parsedError = parseStripeError(error);
 
@@ -213,17 +263,22 @@ class StripeService {
 
       return customer;
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error creating customer", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error creating customer", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
 
-
   static async getPaymentMethod(paymentMethodId) {
     try {
       return await stripe.paymentMethods.retrieve(paymentMethodId);
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error retrieving payment method", { error: error.message, paymentMethodId });
+      logger.error("Error retrieving payment method", {
+        error: error.message,
+        paymentMethodId,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -232,19 +287,28 @@ class StripeService {
     try {
       const session = await stripe.checkout.sessions.create({
         customer: customerId,
-        payment_method_types: ['card', 'us_bank_account', 'link'],
-        mode: 'setup',
-        ui_mode: 'embedded',
-        redirect_on_completion: 'never',
+        payment_method_types: ["card", "us_bank_account", "link"],
+        mode: "setup",
+        ui_mode: "embedded",
+        redirect_on_completion: "never",
+        // Configure for off-session usage - triggers 3DS during setup
+        payment_method_options: {
+          card: {
+            request_three_d_secure: "any",
+          },
+        },
         metadata: {
-          type: 'payment_method_setup',
-          ...metadata
-        }
+          type: "payment_method_setup",
+          ...metadata,
+        },
       });
 
       return session;
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error("Error creating setup checkout session", { error: error.message, stack: error.stack });
+      logger.error("Error creating setup checkout session", {
+        error: error.message,
+        stack: error.stack,
+      });
       throw error;
     }
   }

backend/templates/emails/authenticationRequiredToRenter.html

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
+    <title>Action Required - Village Share</title>
+    <style>
+      /* Reset styles */
+      body,
+      table,
+      td,
+      p,
+      a,
+      li,
+      blockquote {
+        -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
+        -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;
+      }
+      table,
+      td {
+        mso-table-lspace: 0pt;
+        mso-table-rspace: 0pt;
+      }
+      img {
+        -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;
+      }
+
+      /* Base styles */
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        padding: 0;
+        width: 100% !important;
+        min-width: 100%;
+        height: 100%;
+        background-color: #f8f9fa;
+        font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto,
+          Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;
+        line-height: 1.6;
+        color: #212529;
+      }
+
+      /* Container */
+      .email-container {
+        max-width: 600px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        background-color: #ffffff;
+        border-radius: 8px;
+        overflow: hidden;
+        box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+      }
+
+      /* Header */
+      .header {
+        background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
+        padding: 40px 30px;
+        text-align: center;
+      }
+
+      .logo {
+        font-size: 32px;
+        font-weight: 700;
+        color: #ffffff;
+        text-decoration: none;
+        letter-spacing: -1px;
+      }
+
+      .tagline {
+        color: #e9ecef;
+        font-size: 14px;
+        margin-top: 8px;
+      }
+
+      /* Content */
+      .content {
+        padding: 40px 30px;
+      }
+
+      .content h1 {
+        font-size: 24px;
+        font-weight: 600;
+        margin: 0 0 20px 0;
+        color: #212529;
+      }
+
+      .content h2 {
+        font-size: 20px;
+        font-weight: 600;
+        margin: 30px 0 15px 0;
+        color: #495057;
+      }
+
+      .content p {
+        margin: 0 0 16px 0;
+        color: #6c757d;
+        line-height: 1.6;
+      }
+
+      .content strong {
+        color: #495057;
+      }
+
+      /* Warning box */
+      .warning-box {
+        background-color: #fff3cd;
+        border-left: 4px solid #ffc107;
+        padding: 20px;
+        margin: 20px 0;
+        border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;
+      }
+
+      .warning-box p {
+        margin: 0 0 10px 0;
+        color: #856404;
+      }
+
+      .warning-box p:last-child {
+        margin-bottom: 0;
+      }
+
+      /* Info box */
+      .info-box {
+        background-color: #e7f3ff;
+        border-left: 4px solid #0066cc;
+        padding: 20px;
+        margin: 20px 0;
+        border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;
+      }
+
+      .info-box p {
+        margin: 0 0 10px 0;
+        color: #004085;
+      }
+
+      .info-box p:last-child {
+        margin-bottom: 0;
+      }
+
+      /* Info table */
+      .info-table {
+        width: 100%;
+        border-collapse: collapse;
+        margin: 20px 0;
+        background-color: #f8f9fa;
+        border-radius: 6px;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      }
+
+      .info-table th,
+      .info-table td {
+        padding: 15px;
+        text-align: left;
+        border-bottom: 1px solid #dee2e6;
+      }
+
+      .info-table th {
+        background-color: #e9ecef;
+        font-weight: 600;
+        color: #495057;
+      }
+
+      .info-table td {
+        color: #6c757d;
+      }
+
+      .info-table tr:last-child td {
+        border-bottom: none;
+      }
+
+      /* Footer */
+      .footer {
+        background-color: #f8f9fa;
+        padding: 30px;
+        text-align: center;
+        border-top: 1px solid #e9ecef;
+      }
+
+      .footer p {
+        margin: 0 0 10px 0;
+        font-size: 14px;
+        color: #6c757d;
+      }
+
+      .footer a {
+        color: #667eea;
+        text-decoration: none;
+      }
+
+      .footer a:hover {
+        text-decoration: underline;
+      }
+
+      /* Responsive */
+      @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
+        .email-container {
+          margin: 0;
+          border-radius: 0;
+        }
+
+        .header,
+        .content,
+        .footer {
+          padding: 20px;
+        }
+
+        .logo {
+          font-size: 28px;
+        }
+
+        .content h1 {
+          font-size: 22px;
+        }
+
+        .info-table th,
+        .info-table td {
+          padding: 10px;
+          font-size: 14px;
+        }
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="email-container">
+      <div class="header">
+        <div class="logo">Village Share</div>
+        <div class="tagline">Action Required: Complete Your Payment</div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="content">
+        <p>Hi {{renterName}},</p>
+
+        <p>
+          Great news! <strong>{{ownerName}}</strong> has approved your rental
+          request for <strong>{{itemName}}</strong>.
+        </p>
+
+        <div class="warning-box">
+          <p><strong>Your bank requires additional verification</strong></p>
+          <p>
+            To complete the payment and confirm your rental, your bank needs you
+            to verify your identity. This is a security measure to protect your
+            account.
+          </p>
+        </div>
+
+        <h2>Rental Details</h2>
+        <table class="info-table">
+          <tr>
+            <th>Item</th>
+            <td>{{itemName}}</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th>Amount</th>
+            <td>${{amount}}</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+
+        <div class="info-box">
+          <p><strong>How to Complete Your Payment</strong></p>
+          <ol style="margin: 10px 0; padding-left: 20px; color: #004085">
+            <li>
+              Go directly to <strong>village-share.com</strong> in your browser
+            </li>
+            <li>Log in to your account</li>
+            <li>Navigate to <strong>My Rentals</strong> from the navigation menu</li>
+            <li>
+              Find the rental for <strong>{{itemName}}</strong>
+            </li>
+            <li>Click <strong>"Complete Payment"</strong> and follow your bank's verification steps</li>
+          </ol>
+        </div>
+
+        <p>
+          The verification process usually takes less than a minute. Once
+          complete, your rental will be confirmed and you'll receive a
+          confirmation email.
+        </p>
+
+        <p>
+          If you did not request this rental, please ignore this email.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="footer">
+        <p><strong>Village Share</strong></p>
+        <p>
+          This is a notification about your rental request. You received this
+          message because the owner approved your rental and your bank requires
+          additional verification.
+        </p>
+        <p>If you have any questions, please contact our support team.</p>
+        <p>&copy; 2025 Village Share. All rights reserved.</p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>

backend/utils/stripeErrors.js

@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@
  */
 
 const DECLINE_MESSAGES = {
+  authentication_required: {
+    ownerMessage: "The renter's card requires additional authentication.",
+    renterMessage: "Your card requires authentication to complete this payment.",
+    canOwnerRetry: false,
+    requiresNewPaymentMethod: false,
+    requires3DS: true,
+  },
   insufficient_funds: {
     ownerMessage: "The renter's card has insufficient funds.",
     renterMessage: "Your card has insufficient funds.",

frontend/src/App.tsx

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import ForumPostDetail from './pages/ForumPostDetail';
 import CreateForumPost from './pages/CreateForumPost';
 import MyPosts from './pages/MyPosts';
 import EarningsDashboard from './pages/EarningsDashboard';
+import CompletePayment from './pages/CompletePayment';
 import FAQ from './pages/FAQ';
 import NotFound from './pages/NotFound';
 import PrivateRoute from './components/PrivateRoute';
@@ -126,6 +127,14 @@ const AppContent: React.FC = () => {
               </PrivateRoute>
             }
           />
+          <Route
+            path="/complete-payment/:rentalId"
+            element={
+              <PrivateRoute>
+                <CompletePayment />
+              </PrivateRoute>
+            }
+          />
           <Route
             path="/owning"
             element={

frontend/src/components/AuthenticationRequiredModal.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import React from "react";
+
+interface AuthenticationRequiredModalProps {
+  rental: {
+    renter?: { firstName?: string; lastName?: string; email?: string };
+    item?: { name?: string };
+  };
+  onClose: () => void;
+}
+
+const AuthenticationRequiredModal: React.FC<
+  AuthenticationRequiredModalProps
+> = ({ rental, onClose }) => {
+  const renterName =
+    `${rental.renter?.firstName || ""} ${rental.renter?.lastName || ""}`.trim() ||
+    "The renter";
+  const renterEmail = rental.renter?.email || "their email";
+  const itemName = rental.item?.name || "the item";
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="modal fade show d-block"
+      style={{ backgroundColor: "rgba(0,0,0,0.5)" }}
+      tabIndex={-1}
+      onClick={(e) => {
+        if (e.target === e.currentTarget) onClose();
+      }}
+    >
+      <div className="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered">
+        <div className="modal-content">
+          <div className="modal-header">
+            <h5 className="modal-title">
+              <i className="bi bi-shield-lock text-warning me-2"></i>
+              Authentication Required
+            </h5>
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              className="btn-close"
+              onClick={onClose}
+            ></button>
+          </div>
+          <div className="modal-body">
+            <p>
+              <strong>{renterName}</strong>'s bank requires additional
+              authentication to complete the payment for{" "}
+              <strong>{itemName}</strong>.
+            </p>
+            <div className="alert alert-info mb-3">
+              <i className="bi bi-envelope me-2"></i>
+              We've sent an email to <strong>{renterEmail}</strong> with
+              instructions to complete the authentication.
+            </div>
+            <p className="text-muted mb-0">
+              Once they complete the authentication, the rental will be
+              automatically confirmed and you'll receive a notification.
+            </p>
+          </div>
+          <div className="modal-footer">
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              className="btn btn-primary"
+              onClick={onClose}
+            >
+              Got it
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+};
+
+export default AuthenticationRequiredModal;

frontend/src/components/StripeConnectOnboarding.tsx

@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ const StripeConnectOnboarding: React.FC<StripeConnectOnboardingProps> = ({
             colorBackground: "#ffffff",
             colorText: "#212529",
             colorDanger: "#dc3545",
-            fontFamily: "system-ui, -apple-system, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif",
+            fontFamily:
+              "system-ui, -apple-system, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif",
             fontSizeBase: "20px",
             borderRadius: "8px",
             spacingUnit: "4px",
@@ -120,11 +121,17 @@ const StripeConnectOnboarding: React.FC<StripeConnectOnboardingProps> = ({
       style={{ backgroundColor: "rgba(0,0,0,0.5)" }}
       tabIndex={-1}
     >
-      <div className={`modal-dialog ${step === "onboarding" ? "modal-xl" : "modal-lg"}`}>
+      <div
+        className={`modal-dialog ${
+          step === "onboarding" ? "modal-xl" : "modal-lg"
+        }`}
+      >
         <div className="modal-content">
           <div className="modal-header">
             <h5 className="modal-title">
-              {step === "onboarding" ? "Complete Your Earnings Setup" : "Set Up Earnings"}
+              {step === "onboarding"
+                ? "Complete Your Earnings Setup"
+                : "Start Receiving Earnings"}
             </h5>
             <button
               type="button"
@@ -136,21 +143,17 @@ const StripeConnectOnboarding: React.FC<StripeConnectOnboardingProps> = ({
           <div className="modal-body">
             {step === "start" && (
               <>
-                <div className="text-center mb-4">
-                  <div className="text-primary mb-3">
+                <div className="row text-center mb-4">
+                  <div className="col-md-4">
+                    <div className="mb-3">
                       <i
-                      className="bi bi-cash-coin"
-                      style={{ fontSize: "3rem" }}
+                        className="bi bi-lightning text-primary"
+                        style={{ fontSize: "2rem" }}
                       ></i>
                     </div>
-                  <h4>Start Receiving Earnings</h4>
-                  <p className="text-muted">
-                    Set up your earnings account to automatically receive
-                    payments
-                  </p>
+                    <h6>Quick Setup</h6>
+                    <small className="text-muted">Takes about 5 minutes</small>
                   </div>
-
-                <div className="row text-center mb-4">
                   <div className="col-md-4">
                     <div className="mb-3">
                       <i
@@ -160,19 +163,7 @@ const StripeConnectOnboarding: React.FC<StripeConnectOnboardingProps> = ({
                     </div>
                     <h6>Secure</h6>
                     <small className="text-muted">
-                      Powered by Stripe, trusted by millions
-                    </small>
-                  </div>
-                  <div className="col-md-4">
-                    <div className="mb-3">
-                      <i
-                        className="bi bi-clock text-primary"
-                        style={{ fontSize: "2rem" }}
-                      ></i>
-                    </div>
-                    <h6>Instant Payouts</h6>
-                    <small className="text-muted">
-                      Transferred when rentals complete
+                      Powered by Stripe and trusted by millions
                     </small>
                   </div>
                   <div className="col-md-4">
@@ -196,8 +187,6 @@ const StripeConnectOnboarding: React.FC<StripeConnectOnboardingProps> = ({
                   <ul className="mb-0">
                     <li>Verify your identity securely</li>
                     <li>Provide bank account details for deposits</li>
-                    <li>The setup process takes about 5 minutes</li>
-                    <li>Receive payouts instantly when rentals complete</li>
                   </ul>
                 </div>
 
@@ -225,17 +214,20 @@ const StripeConnectOnboarding: React.FC<StripeConnectOnboardingProps> = ({
               <>
                 {!stripeConnectInstance ? (
                   <div className="text-center py-5">
-                    <div className="spinner-border text-primary mb-3" role="status">
+                    <div
+                      className="spinner-border text-primary mb-3"
+                      role="status"
+                    >
                       <span className="visually-hidden">Loading...</span>
                     </div>
                     <h5>Loading onboarding form...</h5>
                   </div>
                 ) : (
                   <div style={{ minHeight: "500px" }}>
-                    <ConnectComponentsProvider connectInstance={stripeConnectInstance}>
-                      <ConnectAccountOnboarding
-                        onExit={handleOnboardingExit}
-                      />
+                    <ConnectComponentsProvider
+                      connectInstance={stripeConnectInstance}
+                    >
+                      <ConnectAccountOnboarding onExit={handleOnboardingExit} />
                     </ConnectComponentsProvider>
                   </div>
                 )}
@@ -278,7 +270,8 @@ const StripeConnectOnboarding: React.FC<StripeConnectOnboardingProps> = ({
             {step === "onboarding" && stripeConnectInstance && (
               <div className="w-100">
                 <small className="text-muted">
-                  <i className="bi bi-lock"></i> Your information is securely processed by Stripe
+                  <i className="bi bi-lock"></i> Your information is securely
+                  processed by Stripe
                 </small>
               </div>
             )}

frontend/src/pages/CompletePayment.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+import React, { useEffect, useState, useCallback, useRef } from "react";
+import { useParams, useNavigate, Link } from "react-router-dom";
+import { loadStripe } from "@stripe/stripe-js";
+import { rentalAPI } from "../services/api";
+import { useAuth } from "../contexts/AuthContext";
+
+const stripePromise = loadStripe(
+  process.env.REACT_APP_STRIPE_PUBLISHABLE_KEY || ""
+);
+
+const CompletePayment: React.FC = () => {
+  const { rentalId } = useParams<{ rentalId: string }>();
+  const navigate = useNavigate();
+  const { user, loading: authLoading } = useAuth();
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<
+    "loading" | "authenticating" | "success" | "error"
+  >("loading");
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const hasProcessed = useRef(false);
+
+  const handleAuthentication = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!rentalId) {
+      setError("Invalid rental ID");
+      setStatus("error");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // Get client secret
+      const secretResponse = await rentalAPI.getPaymentClientSecret(rentalId);
+      const { clientSecret, status: piStatus } = secretResponse.data;
+
+      if (piStatus === "succeeded") {
+        // Already succeeded, just complete on backend
+        await rentalAPI.completePayment(rentalId);
+        setStatus("success");
+        return;
+      }
+
+      setStatus("authenticating");
+
+      // Initialize Stripe and confirm payment
+      const stripe = await stripePromise;
+      if (!stripe) {
+        throw new Error("Stripe failed to load");
+      }
+
+      const { error: stripeError, paymentIntent } =
+        await stripe.confirmCardPayment(clientSecret);
+
+      if (stripeError) {
+        setError(stripeError.message || "Authentication failed");
+        setStatus("error");
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (paymentIntent?.status === "succeeded") {
+        await rentalAPI.completePayment(rentalId);
+        setStatus("success");
+      } else {
+        setError("Payment could not be completed. Please try again.");
+        setStatus("error");
+      }
+    } catch (err: any) {
+      const errorMessage =
+        err.response?.data?.message ||
+        err.response?.data?.error ||
+        err.message ||
+        "An error occurred";
+
+      // Handle specific error cases
+      if (err.response?.status === 400) {
+        if (
+          err.response?.data?.message?.includes("not awaiting payment")
+        ) {
+          // Rental is not in requires_action state - redirect to rentals
+          navigate("/renting", { replace: true });
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+
+      setError(errorMessage);
+      setStatus("error");
+    }
+  }, [rentalId, navigate]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Wait for auth to finish loading
+    if (authLoading) return;
+
+    // If not logged in, redirect to login
+    if (!user) {
+      const returnUrl = `/complete-payment/${rentalId}`;
+      navigate(`/?login=true&redirect=${encodeURIComponent(returnUrl)}`, {
+        replace: true,
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Prevent double execution in React StrictMode
+    if (hasProcessed.current) return;
+    hasProcessed.current = true;
+
+    if (rentalId) {
+      handleAuthentication();
+    }
+  }, [rentalId, handleAuthentication, user, authLoading, navigate]);
+
+  // Show loading while auth is initializing
+  if (authLoading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="container py-5">
+        <div className="row justify-content-center">
+          <div className="col-md-6 text-center">
+            <div className="spinner-border text-primary mb-3" role="status">
+              <span className="visually-hidden">Loading...</span>
+            </div>
+            <h5>Loading...</h5>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (status === "loading" || status === "authenticating") {
+    return (
+      <div className="container py-5">
+        <div className="row justify-content-center">
+          <div className="col-md-6">
+            <div className="card">
+              <div className="card-body text-center py-5">
+                <div className="spinner-border text-primary mb-3" role="status">
+                  <span className="visually-hidden">Loading...</span>
+                </div>
+                <h4>
+                  {status === "loading"
+                    ? "Loading payment details..."
+                    : "Completing authentication..."}
+                </h4>
+                <p className="text-muted">
+                  {status === "authenticating"
+                    ? "Please complete the authentication when prompted by your bank."
+                    : "Please wait while we retrieve your payment information."}
+                </p>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (status === "success") {
+    return (
+      <div className="container py-5">
+        <div className="row justify-content-center">
+          <div className="col-md-6">
+            <div className="card">
+              <div className="card-body text-center py-5">
+                <div className="mb-4">
+                  <i
+                    className="bi bi-check-circle-fill text-success"
+                    style={{ fontSize: "4rem" }}
+                  ></i>
+                </div>
+                <h3>Payment Complete!</h3>
+                <p className="text-muted mb-4">
+                  Your rental has been confirmed. You'll receive a confirmation
+                  email shortly.
+                </p>
+                <Link to="/renting" className="btn btn-primary">
+                  View My Rentals
+                </Link>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Error state
+  return (
+    <div className="container py-5">
+      <div className="row justify-content-center">
+        <div className="col-md-6">
+          <div className="card">
+            <div className="card-body text-center py-5">
+              <div className="mb-4">
+                <i
+                  className="bi bi-x-circle-fill text-danger"
+                  style={{ fontSize: "4rem" }}
+                ></i>
+              </div>
+              <h3>Payment Failed</h3>
+              <p className="text-muted mb-4">{error}</p>
+              <div className="d-flex gap-2 justify-content-center">
+                <button
+                  className="btn btn-primary"
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    hasProcessed.current = false;
+                    setStatus("loading");
+                    setError(null);
+                    handleAuthentication();
+                  }}
+                >
+                  Try Again
+                </button>
+                <Link to="/renting" className="btn btn-outline-secondary">
+                  View My Rentals
+                </Link>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+};
+
+export default CompletePayment;

frontend/src/pages/EarningsDashboard.tsx

@@ -130,10 +130,9 @@ const EarningsDashboard: React.FC = () => {
     <div className="container mt-4">
       <div className="row">
         <div className="col-12">
-          <h1>My Earnings</h1>
+          <h1>Earnings</h1>
           <p className="text-muted">
-            Manage your rental earnings and payment setup. Community Rentals
-            charges a 10% Community Upkeep Fee to help keep us running.{" "}
+            Manage your rental earnings and payment setup.{" "}
             <Link to="/faq" target="_blank">
               Calculate what you can earn here
             </Link>{" "}

frontend/src/pages/Owning.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import ConditionCheckModal from "../components/ConditionCheckModal";
 import ConditionCheckViewerModal from "../components/ConditionCheckViewerModal";
 import ReturnStatusModal from "../components/ReturnStatusModal";
 import PaymentFailedModal from "../components/PaymentFailedModal";
+import AuthenticationRequiredModal from "../components/AuthenticationRequiredModal";
 
 const Owning: React.FC = () => {
   // Helper function to format time
@@ -77,6 +78,8 @@ const Owning: React.FC = () => {
   const [showPaymentFailedModal, setShowPaymentFailedModal] = useState(false);
   const [paymentFailedError, setPaymentFailedError] = useState<any>(null);
   const [paymentFailedRental, setPaymentFailedRental] = useState<Rental | null>(null);
+  const [showAuthRequiredModal, setShowAuthRequiredModal] = useState(false);
+  const [authRequiredRental, setAuthRequiredRental] = useState<Rental | null>(null);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     fetchListings();
@@ -220,8 +223,17 @@ const Owning: React.FC = () => {
     } catch (err: any) {
       console.error("Failed to accept rental request:", err);
 
+      // Check if 3DS authentication is required
+      if (err.response?.data?.error === "authentication_required") {
+        // Find the rental to show in the modal
+        const rental = ownerRentals.find((r) => r.id === rentalId);
+        setAuthRequiredRental(rental || null);
+        setShowAuthRequiredModal(true);
+        // Refresh rentals to update status
+        fetchOwnerRentals();
+      }
       // Check if it's a payment failure (HTTP 402 or payment_failed error)
-      if (
+      else if (
         err.response?.status === 402 ||
         err.response?.data?.error === "payment_failed"
       ) {
@@ -867,6 +879,18 @@ const Owning: React.FC = () => {
         />
       )}
 
+      {/* Authentication Required Modal (3DS) */}
+      {showAuthRequiredModal && authRequiredRental && (
+        <AuthenticationRequiredModal
+          rental={authRequiredRental}
+          onClose={() => {
+            setShowAuthRequiredModal(false);
+            setAuthRequiredRental(null);
+            fetchOwnerRentals();
+          }}
+        />
+      )}
+
       {/* Delete Confirmation Modal */}
       {showDeleteModal && (
         <div

frontend/src/pages/Renting.tsx

@@ -401,6 +401,30 @@ const Renting: React.FC = () => {
                         </div>
                       )}
 
+                    {/* 3DS Authentication Required Alert */}
+                    {rental.paymentStatus === "requires_action" && (
+                      <div className="alert alert-warning py-2 mb-3">
+                        <div className="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between">
+                          <div>
+                            <i className="bi bi-shield-lock me-2"></i>
+                            <strong>Payment authentication required</strong>
+                            <p className="mb-0 small text-muted mt-1">
+                              Your bank requires additional verification to
+                              complete this payment.
+                            </p>
+                          </div>
+                          <button
+                            className="btn btn-warning btn-sm ms-3"
+                            onClick={() =>
+                              navigate(`/complete-payment/${rental.id}`)
+                            }
+                          >
+                            Complete Payment
+                          </button>
+                        </div>
+                      </div>
+                    )}
+
                     <div className="d-flex flex-column gap-2 mt-3">
                       <div className="d-flex gap-2">
                         {((rental.displayStatus || rental.status) === "pending" ||

frontend/src/services/api.ts

@@ -246,6 +246,11 @@ export const rentalAPI = {
   }) => api.post("/rentals/cost-preview", data),
   updatePaymentMethod: (id: string, stripePaymentMethodId: string) =>
     api.put(`/rentals/${id}/payment-method`, { stripePaymentMethodId }),
+  // 3DS authentication endpoints
+  getPaymentClientSecret: (rentalId: string) =>
+    api.get(`/rentals/${rentalId}/payment-client-secret`),
+  completePayment: (rentalId: string) =>
+    api.post(`/rentals/${rentalId}/complete-payment`),
 };
 
 export const messageAPI = {

frontend/src/types/index.ts

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ export interface Rental {
   status: RentalStatus;
   // Computed status (includes "active" when confirmed + start time passed)
   displayStatus?: RentalStatus;
-  paymentStatus: "pending" | "paid" | "refunded";
+  paymentStatus: "pending" | "paid" | "refunded" | "requires_action";
   // Refund tracking fields
   refundAmount?: number;
   refundProcessedAt?: string;